The Psychological And Physical Effects Essay Example for Free

The Psychological And Physical Effects Essay Discuss the psychological and physical effects of loss and grief: How might an ethical therapist incorporate this knowledge into his/her work? Base your answer of the theories and models presented in Module 7. It is a fact of life that every individual will experience loss and grief at some point in their lives but in certain circumstances they may be unaware of it. Loss can come in many disguises from the easily recognisable bereavement, to redundancy, children leaving home, divorce, relocation, disfigurement, chronic illness, miscarriage, loss of a close pet, abortion and others. When a client presents for Counselling, it is vital to be alert for losses, both recent and historical, to check if there are unresolved issues because grief can be easily missed or misinterpreted. Chrysalis (2012) states that there are two ways in which a therapist will encounter the need to work with loss and grief. These are: 1) When a client presents with a recent loss and their goal is to work through the process and understand it, reaching a satisfactory conclusion. 2) When a client presents with other symptoms which you then uncover as being a grief reaction. In this case the person may not recognise that their problems are related to grief or unresolved grief in the past. For the purposes of this assignment, loss and grief will be focus primarily on bereavement. Worden (2009) states â€Å"that the overall goal of grief counselling is to help the survivor adapt to the loss of a loved one and adapt to a new reality without him or her†. He goes on to explain that there must be four adjustments: increasing the reality of the loss, dealing with behavioural pain, and helping the client maintain a bond with the deceased while being comfortable with the new reality. I will now examine the psychological and physical aspects of grief and how a therapist may use grief models and theories in the therapy room and take into consideration social and ethical factors. The Physical and Psychological effects of Grief. Before exploring the theories and models of grief, it is important to be aware of the psychological and physical issues which accompany the grieving process. It is possible indeed common that a client may present for Counselling on an unrelated issue and on closer examination by the  therapist; it becomes apparent that the client is in the grief process, and is in fact stuck at a certain stage in this process, or has failed to grieve in the past. There are feelings, cognitive processes, behaviours and physical symptoms which manifest not only in grief but in other psychological issues. It is the job of the Counsellor to make the link between the presenting issue with the unresolved past grief and loss. Many people will assume that the over-riding feeling associated with grief is sadness and if sadness is not being experienced then the issue is not grief. This is most definitely not the case. There is often a ray of emotions that individuals experience, such as anger, frustration, s ometimes and a sense of relief. This is not uncommon after the deceased has been ill for months or years or if there was a difficult relationship between the deceased and the client. There are several stages to the grief process and each of these stages has distinct range of emotions and feelings. Common feelings surrounding grief are shock, numbness, denial, fear, sense of abandonment, anxiety, anger, guilt, loneliness, pining, relief, tiredness and freedom. The same is true for cognitive processes and behaviours which can be frightening and confusing to the client. They include obsessive thoughts, hallucinations or visions of the deceased, denial that the deceased has died or even sensing that the deceased is in the room with the client. Behaviours can be disturbed sleep, loss or a gain in appetite, forgetfulness, or lack of interest in life, withdrawal from the client’s normal network of friends and family, crying, avoidance, restlessness, a idealisation of the deceased and the treasuring of the deceased objects. The bereaved can also experience a range of physical symptoms which can be disturbing and frightening and may exacerbate any feelings of anxiety being experienced by the client. These can include tightness in the chest, hollowness in the stomach, sensitivity to noise, shortness of breath, increased sighting or yawning, feelings that they are going to collapse, a sense of disconnectedness from others and the external world. In such cases, it is important as a Counsellor that the client is encourage to visit their G.P. if theIR symptoms become serious or a cause for concern. Sometimes clients need reassurance that their symptoms are normal reactions to the grieving process and that the physical symptoms will pass in time. The physical symptoms of grief can mimic depression but there is a difference. Freud believed that in grief the world looks poor and  empty to the client, where’s in depression the person feels poor and empty themselves. The Theories and Models used in Therapy. These have been numerous theories and models proposed by psychologists over the years, these include works by Bowlby, Worden, Murray Parkes and Kubler Ross among others. Bowlby (1907 to 1990) believed that in psychoanalysis the therapist is too interested in fantasy and not sufficiently interested in the present environment and events of the client’s current life. Bowlby tried to understand the human tendency to attach to others. He went on to study the reaction of infants when they are separated from their mother and what occurs when this bond is threatened or broken, (he went on in the 1950’s he published his Attachment Theory). His ideas on separation response could be said to be the underpinning theory of bereavement. Chryslais (2012) explains the three stages of separation response: 1) Protest (related to separation anxiety) 2) Despair (relating to grief and mourning) 3) Detachment or denial (related to defence). The models and theories used by psychologists present grief as a curve and that the grieving process (sometimes expressed as phrases or stages) must be worked through. Worden explains that he chooses to use the word â€Å"tasks† because he finds it more useful for the clinician; phrases or stages imply certain passivity, something that the mourner must pass through. The tasks concept on the other hand, can give the mourner a sense of leverage and hope that there is something that he or she can actively do to adapt to the death of a loved one. As there are a lot of similarities between the theories on grief, I will focus on Worden’s tasks of mourning. He describes four tasks through which the bereaved must work through: 1) To accept the reality of the loss (that the deceased will not return). 2) To process the pain of grief, the pain associated with the grief must be worked through. If there is avoidance or suppression then this will be carried through life to surface at a later date. 3) To adjust to a world without the deceased. This will differ from client to client depending on  the type of loss and what the deceased provided for the bereaved. Parkes (1972), explains, it is seldom clear exactly what is lost. A loss of partner may or may not mean the loss of a sexual partner, companion, accountant, gardener, someone to help with the children; this will obviously depend on the particular roles normally performed by their deceased partner. There are also the financial consequences of losing a partner which can cause a lot of worry and anxiety for the client which also create further change in the client’s lifestyle. 4) To find an enduring connection with the deceased in the midst of embarking on a new life, the Counsellors role is not to help the bereaved give up their relationship with the deceased but to help them find an appropriate place for the person they have lost in their emotional lives, a place that will enable them to go on living effectively in the world. I have discussed already that some people who present for therapy may be unaware that they are experiencing a grief reaction at all. Others, who have suffered a recent loss may not understand the grief process, particularly if this is the first time grief has been experienced. It is appropriate to ask the client this during the therapy, to determine how grief will be handled and whether there is previous grief that is unresolved, which could signify â€Å"complex grief† as being a problem. To help the client understand the grieving process, the grief curve is a visual tool which can be employed in the therapy room and given t o the client to take home with them. The therapist can ask the client if explaining to them about the grieving process would be useful. The curve plots the emotions over the time which the client can expect to experience following bereavement and confirms to the client that the feelings and reactions they are experiencing are entirely normal. The disadvantage of actually showing the client an illustration of the grief curve is that the client may start to put pressure on themselves where they feel they ‘should be at this stage of the grieving process! The curve begins at the time the loss was first experienced and then continues until the point of resolution. That is to say, when Worden’s fourth task has been completed and the mourner is able to reminisce and remember the deceased while forging a new life for themselves. This process does not have a time limit, Chrysalis (2012), explains that the time it takes for a person to complete the process will depend on the situation, the client’s previous ex perience of grief and the environment they are living  in. Worden (2009) states in order to understand how somebody is going to grieve, you need to know if he or she has had previous losses and the circumstances they were grieved. Did they grieve adequately or does the individual bring to the new loss a lack of resolution from a previous loss! The grieving process is not linear and the client is likely to move forwards and backwards through the emotions depicted on the loss curve. This can be very confusing and frustrating for the client, who may believe that they beginning to move forward only to take a backward step. This can be explained to the client as a perfectly normal and expected part of the grieving process and although it may seem frustrating and challenging at times, the overall motion is one towards resolution, even if it is two steps forward and one step back. As previously mentioned the grief curve plots the emotions the client is likely to experience during the process. It can be very useful to ask the name of the emotion that they are feeling in order to bring it to the client’s full awareness. Worden’s first task of mourning is to actualise the loss because the process cannot start without full realisation and confrontation of this fact. He states, the first task is to come to a more complete awareness that the loss actually occurred and the person is dead and will not return. Survivors must accept this reality before they can deal with the emotional impact of the loss. He goes on to say on occasions the Counsellor needs to use language that reminds the client that the deceased has died. This language can help clients with reality issues surrounding the loss and stimulate some of the painful feelings that need to be felt. As can be observed in Appendix 1, the emotions on the curve begin with shock. According to Chrysalis (2012) shock is an emotional defence mechanism which allows the situation to dip slowly into the bereaved awareness in order to protect them from emotional overload. It is a very difficult time and in reality it is not until this stage is over that people usually present for Counselling, unless they have become stuck here. The second stage is separation and pain, during which time there will be periods of very deep darkness and periods of easier times. The client may report dreams and hallucinations of the deceased and exhibit searching behaviours. The next stage is despair, during which the client, may experience many  feelings and emotions to understand. It can be accompanied by depression and lack of concentration or inability to focus on everyday tasks. People in this despair stage may feel unable to function and may say things like â€Å"I can see no way ahead and no way out of this†. Acceptance comes next on the curve and is the beginning of the upward slope towards resolution. Chrysalis (2012) explains that it is important to note that the client will often reach intellectual acceptance before emotional acceptance and can experience mood swings and depressions associated with despair at times. At this point, the client may feel able to begin to adjust to a new life, but may feel guilty and need reassurance and permission from the Counsellor. The final stage is resolution during which time the client will be able to make plans for the future and has found a place for the deceased to be remembered with happiness. The above is a representation of a normal grief process (although it is widely accepted that there is no norm), but there can be obstacles which can complicate the process and this is known as Complex Grief. Clients may have unresolved issues from their past which may be affecting the grieving process or stopping it altogether. This is why the therapist must check for unresolved grief in the past. According to Chrysalis (2012) the factors which should be taken into account are: 1) The nature of the attachment (is there an ambivalent attachment or conflict with the deceased). 2) Method of death (including socially unacceptable deaths such as suicide, violent deaths, missing persons and in other dramatic circumstances). 3) Historical unresolved grief. 4) Personality, how easily does the client assimilate change! 5) Social variables, how is grief handled in the client’s culture or faith! 6) Concurrent stresses (is the bereavement around the same time as other major life stresses such as relationship breakdown, loss of work, a close relative has a chronic ill and the client is the main carer giver, moving house). 7) What support system (friends and family) does the bereaved have! There are four types of complex grief these are: 1) Chronic grief, where the client is unable to find resolution 2) Delayed grief, the client has unresolved grief from the past and a present loss triggers the grieving process. 3) Exaggerated grief, the client may  use maladaptive behaviours such as drugs and alcohol, suffer general chronic anxiety, clinical depression. If a client is struggling to cope with difficult emotions then they may find outlets to help them manage. 4) Masked grief, the client does not link the symptoms to the grieving process. This is why the Counsellor must check when working with a client that their presenting issue is not masking unresolved grief. Ethical Factors It is widely accepted that a Person Centred Counselling approach is required when working with grief. The process cannot be hurried and each person will take their own time to work through the curve. All that may be necessary is the holding of the client and allowing them to work through the process. This means allowing the client to take their own time, to create a safe space for the client to explore their emotions, to reassure the client that what they are feeling is â€Å"normal† and to be a non-judgemental listener. Inventions however, must be carefully planned and only used towards the end of the grieving process when the client is nearing resolution and has the strength to take them on board. It is important to recognise that clients may display displacement activities or using defence mechanisms. In a normal therapeutic session this behaviour would often be challenged but in this instance it is often advisable to continue to support the client without challenging their behaviour, as the client may not have the reserve or strength to confront them at the current time. Conclusion Grief and loss is something that will be experienced by everyone at some point in their lives. Counsellors and psychologists generally agree that grief is a process and generally follows a curve. It can take approximately two years to work through (for someone close to the client) but obviously varies for each individual and this does not include complex grief. A variety of emotions will be experienced by the bereaved. The curve is organic, meaning that the bereaved is likely to move forwards and backwards through these until resolution is reached. The way grief is handled depends on a variety of factors unique to the individual. Grief can be â€Å"normal† or described as â€Å"complex†. Factors associated with complex grief I have mentioned previously in this  assignment, such as the circumstances of the deceased’s death, the importance of the relationship between the deceased and the client, the depth of the attachment between the two, how stressed was the client prior to this loss! Another important factor does the bereaved have the opportunity to express their grief or do they feel pressured to supress their emotions. An example of this, would be a mother who has lost their partner and has dependent children and feels that in order to appear strong, that she must soldier on without the opportunity to express her own emotions around the loss. There are four types of complex grief, chronic, delayed, exaggerated and masked, the therapist must use their skills to determine whether the client who presents for an unrelated issue actually has an unresolved grief issue in their past. Tools can be used in the therapy room to aid the process. These could include asking the client to draw their own grief curve or ask them to write to the deceased. A person centred approach is necessary to give the client space and time to process the loss in safety. Interventions can be kept to minimum unless near resolution and the client has progressed along the grief curve and has the strength to handle them.

Etihad Airways Selection Techniques Analysis

Etihad Airways Selection Techniques Analysis In principle, to ensure that Etihad Airways company moves towards addressing differences in the work-force profile, such Project Manager Emirati Cabin Crew assistance should be available for any possible to ask who meets the basic requirements of the job. () On the other words, the job advertisement, which should be closely based on the person specification, where appropriate, includes detailed reason for significant professional individuals to seek. A mechanism for applications should be specified, which would generally be in the shape of a standard Project Manager Emirati Cabin Crew application form designed to obtain information relevant to the job. Furthermore, every applicant ought to obey through the application course of action. The selection decision should eventually be made by more than one person who has a thorough knowledge of the work required for the Project Manager Emirati Cabin Crew position. Moreover, a Selection Panel is, as a result, requisite, which ought to take account at least single person who has been trained in selection practices, furthermore understands Etihad Airways groups selection procedure. All members of the selection committee ought to be implicated in the short-listing procedures. () On the other hand, the candidate specification for the Project Manager Emirati Cabin Crew position will figure the starting point of the selection resolution. Additionally, records ought to be kept on the scope to which every nominee meets up the necessities of every feature of the nominee pattern. 3) Selecting Best Candidate: In todays changing environment, one of the biggest challenges facing Human and Resources Managers is recruiting and retaining employees with the right skills. For that reason, a framework of ethical practice, the Recruitment and Selection should be developed in conjunction with employers along with the specialists as an externally assessable tool to assist employers with recruitment issues. On the other hand, selection process is a later stage of the recruitment. Since, it involves choosing appropriate along with qualified applicants suited to the job. Moreover, selection is a social, interactive entertainment as well as skill development, which are recommended for the use of structured and tested methods to achieve objectivity, reliability along with reduced risk in addition to uncertainty. In Etihad Airways Company, many prospective interviewees might comprise the essential character for the effectual presentation of the Project Manager Emirati Cabin Crew occupation, but require experience or even credentials throughout not having appropriate chances. () For that reason, mare and more care ought to be taken, and so, in the specification of requirements of the Project Manager Emirati Cabin Crew post has to be ensured since statements of action in addition to type of event along with academic as well as training requirements are justified. The terms and conditions under which the Project Manager Emirati Cabin Crew position holder is to be engaged should be reliable with the present workforce policies of Etihad Airways Company. () Etihad Airways Company might use a merit-based way to optimize the potential for selecting the most suitable candidate for Project Manager Emirati Cabin Crew job. The method, which may be, used a combination of written application, behavioral based interview questions, testing or even presentations. This approach has been established in Etihad Airways Company to ensure the best possible selection moreover that there is not fairness on foundation unconnected to the necessities of the Project Manager Emirati Cabin Crew position. () On the other hand, each ignoring of such a situation ought to be sustained through a written depiction of the function as well as tasks of the same vacant position. Therefore, this will typically be in the appearance of an occupation description of the Project Manager Emirati Cabin Crew position. () Care is needed in their arrangements to ensure that all aspects are justified. On the other hand, such post description ought to be escorted through a comprehens ive individual requirement that will figure the foundation of whichever selection assessment for the appointment of Project Manager Emirati Cabin Crew. Since objectivity is hard to get through interview alone, a variety of selection manners may be established, extremely close based on the individual requirements for Project Manager Emirati Cabin Crew position, which may contain work-related tests or even assessments. Nevertheless, thought might be taken when selecting or even designing tests along with analyzing their results to make sure that they are available from unfairness. Interview questions might be chosen with care moreover, designed to obtain the information covered in the person specification. Particular attention should be taken to fill up using questions, which might indicate a desire to make a call into account inappropriate material. Interview format as well as contented should be applied consistently toward every candidates interviewed. Records might be held for every of the candidates which represent the position to which the requirements of the different parameters were met. Furthermore, these records might be kept for at least of six months following the selection. Candidates might want to take delivery of response about their performance in the selection process. Moreover, such feedback may only be provided with a reasonable person directly involved in the selection decision. The purpose of an interview is to obtain specific data from a candidate to resolve his or even her aptitude to carry out the occupation. However, successful interviewers learn how to use the right kind questions, how to avoid the candidate talking about facts data knowledge, moreover how to pay attention. A great deal of what is educated concerning candidates in an interview is found on their previous practices. On the other hand, past performance is the best indicator of future performance. Consequently, this does not signify that somebody who had carried out badly in the earlier period cannot enhance in skills as well as thoughts. Generally, however, It can be seen a change in working through specific jobs or assignments. () Sometimes interviewers believe that an applicant who has done somewhat has made it fine or that prolonged existence on a Project Manager Emirati Cabin Crew position is a sign of success. A credit record can corroborate the excellence of the work presentation. It is necessary to be well prepared when conducting the interview to ensure the recruitment process remains effective, clear and consistent, and to preserve the most suitable candidate for the position of the Project Manager Emirati Cabin Crew. 4) Candidate Orientation: Recruitment and selection grant managers to establish and steadily uplift the behavioral characteristics and the ability of the workforce. The appeal for most attention has focused on people with a preference for working through others as opposed to the individualist preferred by recruiters earlier. Attention has switched from testing lists of skills and abilities to broader-based competencies. In general, there is a greater concern for personal flexibility along with adaptability, a reorientation from the contribution towards future stability. Offer letters are contractual agreements between the employee and Etihad Airways Company. Therefore, considerable care should be taken to secure that the information contained in them is true also that all parties involved understand all of its components. The concern section or department should have approval from the management on all points contained in a proposal before it is extended. The same sector at Etihad Airways Company will be held liable for any prohibited items contained in offers. To avoid future confusion, departments at Etihad Airways Company, should take suitable documents for whichever obligations made to a nominee for the situation of the Project Manager Emirati Cabin Crew. It is much easier to maintain certification to submit to somewhat than depend on remembrance, particularly given that the propose might extent numerous years, additionally there may be a variety of sources. () This offer letter with the start date, title, work location, supervisor, and wages should be sent to the one selected, with a copy in the personnel files. Etihad Airways Company should respond in writing with an acceptance letter. Moreover, offer letters may serve as a legally binding contract. Therefore, it should be avoid terms such as permanent or career, these may cause significant strain. Hiring employees are like a business transaction, not terribly different from selecting supplies for Etihad Airways Company. When a need for supplies. Then it may be looked for merchandise that is of exceptional quality and an agreeable deal. Similarly, it is known what it may be needed in Etihad Airways Company; now it may be looked for someone whose skills and qualifications meet your business needs. A good way to improve the questioning technique is to examine. Practice the phrasing of questions prior to conducting interviews. Add some specific questions to the interviews and evaluate the types of responses it might be tried. Analysis each interview to learn how to improve the style. Good questioning skills can positively enhance the interviewing success. Taking the time to check references, it is worth it. Therefore, checking references can be a time consuming task as well Etihad Airways Company had abandoned the idea of doing some more than a cursory verification of a few facts. For that reason, the cost to Etihad Airways Company of a hiring error is harmful; it is preferable to take the time to get the right selection procedure in the primary situate. On the other hand, Etihad Airways programs provide challenging with unprecedented opportunities for shared reflection. In this way, such conduct creates in Etihad Airways learning surroundings contained by a compassionate impression, which in revolve carry about learning conclusion away from those of the classic cases in the Etihad Airways. () Given that such appearance which can be more sensible than replications, furthermore while it offers an opportunity for career through the same experience in the Etihad Airways, it proves extremely useful in training and complex situations where resistance to change is endemic or where an attitude of certain conservative thinking exists. () Moreover, Etihad Airways Provide a cost effective, best practice approaches to training and development through effective implementation of the new framework of qualifications of Etihad Airways staff. 5) Techniques Evaluation: In such case, we have a Project Manager Emirati Cabin Crew position, as a valid case, Etihad Airways Company strategic approach to hiring, retaining along with promoting staff has resulted in superior illustration at all ranks of the company. Etihad Airways Company supports local employees through its Emiratization Employee Networks. A Strategic Approach started at earlier stages by the senior leadership, Etihad Airways Company provides tools for managing employees, working with their supervisors to develop career paths, moreover, develop skills along with experiences that work toward achieving their career aspirations. Advantages of Etihad Airways Selection Techniques: 1) Using technology for efficiency reasons: Etihad Airways might be acting as the first group who utilized computerized systems at its work. That is not excluding accounts and business activities, besides converting most of its exchanges and transmissions works into the digital era. 2) Replace people with technology: As more of technology is introduced, less of people might be required to achieve the same job. One of the main goals of Etihad Airways is to reduce the percentage of the junior workers because they are not UAE local people and Etihad Airways has not gained more power to execute such percentage. Disadvantages of Etihad Airways Selection Techniques: 1. Lower labor costs: Although Etihad Airways tries to seduce local UAE people to the people by giving them particularly attractive compensation, in consequence, they are paying less for learning junior staff comparing to the other sector in UAE such like Etihad staff. In addition, Etihad Airways adopted 5 working days per week for help duties; but operational functions are working in shifts. Etihad Airways is depending more on contractors labor history for some of its use and external works requirements. 2. Low cost recruitment and training: Etihad Airways is exceedingly rare to fight for job vacancy, as it is performing a beautiful place to identify at UAE market. On the other hand, for junior staff, it is usually employing directly from Asian low wages countries. On the other hand, Etihad depends on its training center at Abu Dhabi for most of senior staff and all lower staff. More to the fact, which is conducting in consideration consultation and training sessions at specified places of work. Training there is only for local UAE senior staff. Therefore, in order to fulfill the recommendations made in the Etihad Airways Company overview and to be effectively implemented the reform agenda and the learning management system, the goals are: Employment at Etihad Airways, should comply with the real demand of the work force in Etihad Airways Company in order to avoid unnecessary utilization. At Etihad Airways, comprehensive computerized tests should be introduced in order to have a fair assessment of potential candidates covering basic skills to have such as computer applications, management and analytical skills. Recruitment strategies at Etihad Airways, should abide through other parts of human resources such as reimbursement and training, which have a significant impact on attracting and retaining this active labor force. In order to achieve the desired percentage of Emiratization at Etihad Airways, take over should be minimized to a reasonable rate and that cannot be reached without an efficient coordination with other departments in Etihad Airways Company, compensation, training and development, employee relations to look over the main constraints for the high percentage of turnover. Planning and Follow-up Section at Etihad Airways, should reflect the assigned functions/roles to follow up new recruits job after joining the company, that is includes providing appropriate training programs, career development and solving grievances in order to help retaining these high caliper employees. Applying through the Internet at Etihad Airways, should be introduced to improve the image of Etihad Airways Company and make it easy for the applicants. Applicants can offer their resumes also fill up in the arranged application figure as well as to have more accommodation options such as reserving the timely and perfect timing for taking the test and interview. Advertisement in newspapers for specific positions at Etihad Airways might introduce in order to get the most appropriate people needed to register on the needed time. Etihad Airways Company should try to eliminate all obstacles and difficulties in the way to achieve its pivotal position to determine amortization percentage to respectful one by analyzing reasons of development and try to minimize it.

Geostrategic Importance of Indian Ocean

Geostrategic Importance of Indian Ocean The Indian ocean region had become the strategic heartland of the 21st century, dislodging Europe and North East Asia which adorned this position in the 20th centurythe developments in the Indian Ocean region were contributing to the advent of a less Western centric and a more multi-polar world. -Donald L. Berlin, Head of Security Studies, Asia Pacific Centre for Security Studies, Honolulu, Hawaii The Growing Importance of IOR The Indian Ocean has emerged as a critical maritime space in the Asia-Pacific littoral in view of the transformed strategic, security and economic significance of the region. The Indo-Asia-Pacific region is the greatest maritime-littoral space that has the largest concentration of population, resources, developing economies, congested sea lanes, and contested territorial spaces. It is thus significant in a geo-political, geo-economic and geo-strategic sense  [1]  . The Indian Ocean is home to many choke points, such as the Straits of Hormuz, Straits of Malacca, Lombok and the Sunda Straits. Any disruption in traffic flow through these points can have disastrous consequences. The disruption of energy flows in particular is a considerable security concern for littoral states, as a majority of their energy lifelines are sea-based. Since energy is critical in influencing the geo-political strategies of a nation, any turbulence in its supply has serious security consequences. Given the spiraling demand for energy from India, China and Japan, it is inevitable that the sea lines of communication (SLOCs) and choke points of the region have become strategically important for these countries that they are extremely sensitive to their security  [2]  . The Indian Ocean and the states on its littoral are of significant and growing importance. The region contains 1/3 of the worlds population, 25% of its landmass, 40% of the worlds oil and gas reserves. It is the locus of important international sea lines of communication (SLOCs). The region is home to most of the worlds Muslim population as well as India, one of the worlds likely rising powers. The Indian Ocean also is home to the worlds two newest nuclear weapons states, India and Pakistan, as well as Iran, which most observers believe has a robust program to acquire nuclear weapons  [3]  . The Oil Factor The Indian Ocean has seen intense maritime activity for the past 600 years, primarily for trade. While centuries ago, the motivation was for silk and spices, today it is for oil. Persian Gulf contains 65 per cent of the worlds proven reserves and accounts for more than half of the worlds oil exports and almost all of Asia-Pacifics imports. Due to growth in global economy the world wide demand for oil imports from the gulf is expected to grow and this fact is most critical while considering geo strategic significance of Indian Ocean. Despite efforts by nations to diversify sources, disruption of oil supplies is bound to impact severely on national economies leading to inflation and widespread unemployment. The US, Europe, China, Japan, India and most of Southeast Asian nations  are heavily reliant on oil from the Gulf. In his State of the Union address in Feb 2006, President Bush said that the nation was addicted to oil. U.S. gross oil imports from the Persian Gulf were 2.2 million bbl/d during 2006, accounting for 17 percent of the US total net oil imports  [4]  . The importance of energy to India, China and Japan is also extensive. At current levels of consumption, the oil import dependence of India is expected to reach 82.2 percent by 2010 and 91.6 percent by 2020. In the case of China it will be 61 percent and 76.9 percent, while for rest of South Asia it will be 95.1 percent and 96.1 percent respectively  [5]  . Sea Lines of Communications(SLOCs) The economic development of a state is closely linked to its trade and energy supply. Since most of the trade of the Indian Ocean littorals and the South Asian states is seaborne, SLOCs form the lifeline of these countries. According to World Bank estimates, in 1999 the world seaborne trade was pegged at 21,480 billion ton-miles; it is expected to reach 35,000 billion ton-miles in 2010, and 41,800 billion ton-miles in 2014. The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) Report, Review of Maritime Transport 2000, notes that world sea-based trade recorded its fourteenth consecutive annual increase, and Asias share of imports and exports was 26.1% and 18.8 % respectively  [6]  . To a military analyst, the SLOCs are related to the maritime instruments of power, and maritime geography becomes the pivot on which forces must be deployed. To a politician, on the other hand, SLOCs signify the state of relations with countries located along the sea route traversed, while for an economist it is just the shortest and most economical travel distance between two destinations. Similarly, for some nations multilateral cooperation on SLOC security may mean a perceived intrusion into aspects of sovereignty. Thus the security of sea lanes requires comprehensive strategies encompassing differing perceptions and national interests of concerned states  [7]  . The Indian Ocean is home to important SLOCs and maritime choke points. A large volume of international long haul maritime cargo from the Persian Gulf, Africa and Europe transits through this ocean. Some of the primary items transported are energy products mainly oil and gas. Disruption in energy lifelines can also arise from patterns of trade flows. Imports to South Asia from West Asia utilize the Strait of Hormuz. According to EIA estimates, the Strait recorded a transit volume of 15.4 million barrels of oil per day in 1998. Closure of the Strait of Hormuz practically cuts off Gulf supplies to the East altogether and also affects the West considerably. Similarly, the closure of the Straits of Malacca, through which nearly 9.4 million barrels of oil per day flow (according to the EIA), can seriously threaten the economies of Southeast Asia and the energy intensive economies of China and Japan. Due to the geostrategic importance of Malacca Straits to almost all the South and Southeas t Asian countries, any maritime contingency in this traffic congested region would have profound security ramifications. Since most of the trade of the Indian Ocean littorals and the South Asian states is seaborne, SLOCs are critical to these countries as well as to major energy consuming nations such as US, Europe, China and Japan. Exports from West Asia utilize the Strait of Hormuz. Equally strategically located are the eastern straits, Malacca, Sunda and Lombok-Makasser. One-third of the worlds trade and almost all of East Asias oil amounting nearly to 9.4 million barrels of oil per day pass through these straits. Protection of the sea-routes through the Indian Ocean becomes a strategic priority for many states. America thus has maintained a massive military presence in the region, poised to do whatever necessary to maintain the choke points and the flow of regions essential energy supplies to the rest of the world. The stakes are so high that Pentagon has now drawn up plans to annihilate Irans military capability in three days  [8]  . Strategic Importance of IOR for Extra Regional Forces United States of America. For almost 200 years the British exercised predominant military power in the Indian Ocean by establishing bases at key choke points and along critical sea lines. In the 1960s however British Government decided to drastically cut the British presence east of Suez. During the succeeding years the Indian Ocean became a distinct area attracting international attention due to inter and intra state instabilities in the states bordering the region , prominent being the Iran-Iraq war. In reaction to this instability both the superpowers started deploying naval forces on a regular basis in the Indian Ocean to ensure their energy security  [9]  . The dramatic event of Soviet occupation of Afghanistan, led to US establishing its naval supremacy in the Indian Ocean to react quickly to a situation threatening access to the oil resources in the region. This was the beginning of the so called super power rivalry in the IOR. Successive US administrations have followed u p these developments with a vigorous search for facilities across Indian Ocean and have met with considerable success in getting such facilities in Oman, Bahrain, Kuwait, UAE, Qatar and Saudi Arabia , Kenya and Singapore. Their base in Diego Garcia is however the key element in providing the US capability to act at relatively short notice in the region  [10]  . By the end of 1980 US established a Rapid Deployment Joint Task Force (RDJTF) at Diego Garcia. On 01 Jan 83 RDJTF was converted into full fledged strategic command and was named the Central Command (CENTCOM). Hundreds of B 52 bomber flights were flown by US from this base during 1990-91 war against Iraq  [11]  . Russia. The initial deployment of Soviet Navy in the Indian Ocean was governed by need for a reciprocal arrangement with littoral states that would assist its attempt to break through Western containment of its long southern flank. Soviets developed their facilities in Ethiopia and South Yemen close to Bab-al- Mandeb  [12]  . In 1979 the Soviets signed an agreement with Vietnam for a 25 year lease of base at Cam Ranh Bay close to Malacca straits. Russian government continued the lease of Cam Ranh Bay primarily for SIGINT activities in South China Sea. At the end of 25 year period, Russia decided to withdraw from Cam Ranh Bay. Its presence in other erstwhile bases is also on the decline. Australia. Vital to Australias economic well being is the security of maritime trade, particularly in the Western Pacific and Indian Ocean. The worlds principal trading blocs, USA, EU, Japan/Korea/China/East Asia, comprise mercantile trading nations dependent on Middle East oil to sustain their economies. Australias economy is tied to these principal trading blocs  [13]  . Besides straddling vital sea-lines for naval and commercial mobility Southeast Asia has always provided Australia the strategic defence-in-depth for its security. Post-Cold War, Australia rushed to forge new security bonds in the sub region to augment its existing Five-Power Defence Agreement (FPDA) with Malaysia and Singapore. This caused apprehensions, but its proactive stance and especially its leadership role during the 1999 East-Timor crises  demonstrated a commitment to the sub-region. However, the perception of Australias pro-West character since the beginning of the 20th century has led to Islamic fun damentalists targeting its interests. Its interests thus converge with that of other concerned powers to combat non-state maritime threats in Southeast Asia. Japan. Japans proactive role in Southeast Asia is vital for its global status and economic interests, since the sub-region is the source and transit of its energy lifeline. Primarily due to this reason, it is averse to Chinese domination in the South China Sea  [14]  . Despite its potent maritime forces however, Japan has been unable to assist the sub-region to secure the sea-lines against nontraditional threats due to the constraint posed by Article 9 of Japanese Constitution, which does not permit its military to have a collective security arrangement. Japans commitment to Southeast Asia has thus been limited to financial and technological assistance for navigational safety and prevention of pollution. Japan is now actively considering a Constitutional review to break free from the legal handicap, including in terms of collective-security. This would make Japan more militarily assertive and enable it to safeguard its vital security interests in Southeast Asia. Natural Resource Wealth The Indian Ocean is known to contain natural resources, the significance of which has yet to be fully determined  [15]  . Other than the oil in the gulf, the Indian Ocean holds 65 per cent and 31 per cent of worlds strategic raw minerals and gas respectively. Large occurrences of hydrocarbons are being trapped in the offshore deep bedrocks of Saudi Arabia, Iran, India, and Australia. Beach sands rich in heavy minerals and deep sea polymetallic nodules are actively exploited by bordering countries, particularly India, South Africa, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. The Bay of Bengal is known to hold an immense wealth of resources in terms of fossil fuels, minerals and fish stocks. The discoveries of huge gas reserves in the Krishna-Godavari basin has added to the known potential of the area. The AN island chain itself is known to bear substantial hydrocarbon reserves. It is only a matter of time that offshore platforms, similar to those at the Bombay High, would sprout in these waters. Its fish are of great and growing importance to the bordering countries for domestic consumption and export. Fishing fleets from   Russia,  Japan,  South Korea, and  Taiwan  also exploit the Indian Ocean, mainly for  shrimp  and  tuna. The endangered marine species include the  dugong,  seals,  turtles, and  whales  [16]  .

Driving While on The Phone Essay -- Driving Texting

As technology advances, people become notorious for using their electronics in inappropriate situations. Teenagers in present day commonly text at the dinner table, while crossing a street, and even while driving. Not only do teenagers text, their parents do, as well. Texting is a frequent fad among the young adults, it also a convenient method for parents to keep in contact with their children. People nowadays have to be in contact with friends and family at every moment of the day especially while driving it is the equivalent of driving under the influence, using hand-held devices (like Bluetooth) will decrease the number of accidents caused by phones, and studies show texting reduces a persons reaction time. Recent studies demonstrate texting while driving is similar to having a 0.08 alcohol limit. Christine Noble is the city of Peoria Claims Coordinator and her job is to handle all the accidents claims against the City of Peoria. As part of her job, she investigates and determines the causes of auto accidents involving City vehicles. Ms. Noble can recollect at least six accidents this year that are caused by distracted drivers on their cell phones, while operating a vehicle. â€Å"The fact is that mobile phone use reduces reaction time by 35 percent, effectively making you a drunk driver, even when using a hands-free kit. And texting while driving is even worse with every second spent texting doubling your chances of crashing, dramatically reducing steering control and awareness of hazards.† (â€Å"Great Choice Car Insurance†) If being a drunk driver is illegal, why is not texting while operating a vehicle? In September 2008, 25 people, including the driver, died in a Los Angeles commuter rail disaster caused by t... ...tate Highway Patrol Statistics. NBC News 3. Web. 2 Dec. 2010 "Mobile Phone Use Equal to Drunk Driving." Great Choice Car Insurance. Insure 247 Great Choice, 10/06/2010. Web. 2 Dec 2010. American Psychological Association. "Drivers Distracted More By Cell Phones Than By Passengers." ScienceDaily http://www.sciencedaily.com ¬ 1 December 2008. â€Å"Editorial: Ban on texting will make roads safer† Sheyboygan Press. 30 November 2010. The White House, Presidential Proclamation—National Impaired Driving Prevention Month. Office of the Press Secretary, 1 December 2010 Distracted Driving. Stats and Facts. United States Department of Transportation http://www.distraction.gov 3 December 2010 â€Å"Mobile Phone Use equivalent to Drunk Driving.† Royal Automobile Club of Rick Reitzel Queensland. 18 May 2010

Telling It Like It Is Essay -- Essays Papers

Telling It Like It Is â€Å"My country, right or wrong,† is a thing that no patriot would think of saying except in a desperate case. It is like saying, â€Å"My mother, drunk or sober.†Ã¢â‚¬â€G. K. Chesterton, The Defendant These are indeed desperate times. On September 11, 2001, America witnessed the worst act of terrorism in U.S. history. Grief-stricken, angry, and shocked, people from all over America came together in the face of tragedy and solidly affirmed their pride in the U.S.A. The outpouring of patriotism that resulted from this tragedy was astonishing. Our country came together: specific agendas were swept aside in favor of partisanship and overwhelming support for our leaders, for our institutions, for our democracy. Picking up on this trend, the media, typically a primary conveyer of culture in America, soon adopted a positive attitude towards the government. Patriotic bias, in part because of the public demand, began dictating broadcasts. In fact, the pendulum swung far over to the radical side: the media by and large accepted governmental censorship requests, ceased to question our leaders, and even began censoring their interviews, handling our nation’s institutions with velvet gloves. We championed our country, with its ideals of freedom and democracy, and in the process lost a part of our freedom and democracy. Governmental Controls Taking advantage of the patriotic fever sweeping the nation, the federal government began making â€Å"requests† of the media, asking them to censor their coverage of particular events, or to withhold information regarding the government from the public. These requests were not particularly surprising. What was startling was the by and large acceptance of these reque... ...San Francisco Chronicle, 6 Jan. 2002: D4. 7. â€Å"Day,† D4. 8. Quoted in Fred Barnes, â€Å"The Press in Time of War,† Weekly Standard 3 Dec. 2001: 31. 9. Hurst A8. 10. Michael Hoyt, â€Å"Journalists as Patriots,† Columbia Journalism Review 40.4 (2001): 4. 11. â€Å"Veteran CBS News Anchor Dan Rather Speaks Out on BBC Newsnight Tonight,† BBC News Press Release, 16 May 2002 http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2002/05_may/16/dan_rather. shtml. 12. Barnes 31. 13. Barnes 31. 14. Alterman, Eric, â€Å"Patriot Games,† Nation 29 Oct. 2001: 10. 15. Campbell 540. 16. Campbell 258. 17. Alterman 10. 18. Alterman 10. 19. Hurst A8. 20. Campbell 544. 21. Campbell 544. 22. Campbell 560. 23. Alterman 10. 24. Qtd. in Silverglate, A21. 25. Hurst A8. 26. Hurst A8; Barnes 31. 27. Hurst A8. 28. Barnes 3.

Perfume Suskind

Interactive Oral: Debate Title: How was your understanding of cultural and contextual considerations of the work developed through the interactive oral? The setting of Perfume was crafted accordingly to author’s intention so that the main character would develop specific characterizations that will later on, lead him to make a decision whether to live or to die.Suskind does this by placing Grenouille, who has a keen sense of smell in the 18th century France and distinctively allowed the plot to develop and establish in a setting of a malodorous and a scent-conscious society, where people were obsessed with pleasurable scent and uses it distinguish themselves within the hierarchy. In addition, Suskind hinted that smell is depicted more than merely the ingredients of a perfume but could also be a resemblance as the scent of a person’s soul, thus he made a correlation between the existences of with the existence of a person’s soul.Hence in Perfume, scent has become the crucial factor in determining the human soul, the identity of oneself. Suskind also made a point where your own smell will give away your identity like the poor would have malodorous smell but ironically, he decided to leave the main character scentless. Grenouille was isolated simply because in the eyes of the society, he does not have the substance (body odour) that established his identity as a human being. Moreover, Grenouille also decided to detach himself away from the society because he does not have the need to establish relationships.Through isolation and detachment, Suskind have effectively molded the main character’s psychological state of mind by limiting Grenouille’s knowledge and only allowed him to gain knowledge through smell and scent rather than language itself so that Grenouille only understood that things that smells, exist. During an epiphany and Grenouille’s encounter with the â€Å"fog†, he discovered and learnt the truth that h e does not bear a smell or scent (based on his knowledge and understanding) and he belonged nowhere within the hierarchy, he felt his own personal identity is hindered almost as though he does not fully exist.The cumulated awareness has aided him to realize upon the ultimate truth that he was indeed born scentless and can never own a scent. Upon discovering and understanding the final truth, he decided that his existing life has bared no significance to himself, hence leading to his choice to die. Perfume was written in such a way that it indirectly criticizes the human’s nature – the endless greed through Grenouille, where he chooses to pursue after something that is beyond his competence. (408) Grenouille reached an epiphany when he encountered the â€Å"fog† in his dreams.The fog indirectly symbolizes as the ultimate truth which he has not explored and fully implicit. Grenouille only understood that he could not smell the fog hence the fog implies as a non-ex istent thing. This is how he had a realization that he is nonexistent. Again Suskind successfully correlate scent as identity. The moment he realized that the fog is a part of him, he had internal conflicts where he understood that he does not have an identity based on his understanding. He realized that he belonged nowhere in the hierarchy – hence only understood that his personal identity is hindered because he does not have smell of his own.When Grenouille realized that he was scentless and found himself to be nowhere within the category, he felt his own personal identity is hindered almost as though he does not fully exist. Hence such understanding has led him to an internal conflict where he realized that he was born scentless and his created scent could never be his thus leading to his choice to die. The setting was crafted in such way that it affects the main character’s psychological state of mind and its characterizations towards the choices. (332)

Implementation Of The Scalable And Agile Lifecycle Security For Applications (SALSA)

SALSA framework is a revised version of security approaches that were previously implemented in detection of security defects within web applications. In this case, SALSA framework will be implemented in monitoring of attack vectors that hinder appropriate application of operations. Further, ways in which stable situation of application system can be maintained after attack will be discussed. A system known as automated build has a great influence in SALSA framework’s operations since it necessitates a continuous practice once areas with attack vectors are fixed. There are also a couple of benefits that SALSA framework is recognized to possess which are mainly based on its overall effectiveness in monitoring attack vectors. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SCALABLE AND AGILE LIFECYCLE SECURITY FOR APPLICATIONS (SALSA) Introduction SALSA is an approach that has the capability of checking attack vectors as well as keeping them through their cycle of development. SALSA approach is produced from the combined effort of two information technology organizations; SANS and the other Intrinsic Security. The design of SALSA is similar to development methodology that is already in existence. This contributes to its efficiency since minimal guidance is needed in order to operate it, as its implementation is very interactive. SALSA implementation can be carried out in conjunction with several other security tools in order to bring desirable results. In comparison to SDL, which is almost similar security approach that mitigates security errors within lifecycles of Web applications, SALSA is different as it provides more security practices. These additional practices are cost effective which enables them to be used in all lifecycle areas including development. SALSA frame facilitates solutions that are measurable as well as automatic and has the capability of being incorporated in development software that already exist in an organization. However, SALSA application is not aimed at taking the place of organization’s methodologies but to influence the way organizations make considerations of security within the applications’ environments as well as their management. Cockbum, 2008) Scalable and Agile Lifecycle Security for Applications (SALSA) Framework to Assist In Monitoring Attack Vectors on Applications Attack vectors constitute all application interfaces that are exposed which have shown need for continuous monitoring in order to protect them from being attacked. When attack vectors are not updated and managed accordingly, they are normally endangered by security threats that are constantly evolving due to great technological advancements. Attack applications that are already exposed have the possibility of being loaded with security threats directing computers connected with internet to dangerous sites known as malware. The process can also follow a reverse direction where malware may be directed to those computers connected to internet. This is dangerous to applications since they will become susceptible to defects which are discovered by end users. This is likely to affect the trust that a user may have previously developed towards a certain organization’s applications. (SALSA, 2009) In the present situation a technique that analyses attack surfaces and is recommended by SALSA will be applied regularly in order to enable uncovering of security threats during applications. This will form the first step which will be undertaken by developers as they carry out planning process in the course of application lifecycle. The checklist used will portray all worst practices that have any relevance to attack vectors attraction, which will be banned. They will be replaced by best practices including standard directory for this particular application whose applications are being managed as well as updated. Design documents will also undergo some adjustments where the name of a customer will be needed to accompany his/her security number as part of application details, which is contrary to previous situations where only security number is requested. This will provide more identity details for applicants, which will make it easy to identify worst sources. Since design phase fails to provide appropriate opportunities to enable automation, security checklists that make use of standard baseline will be of great importance. It will address this inefficiency by including some additional rules in the process. These rules point out that it is not necessary to provide sensitive data in one’s records such as numbers of social security as their provision may expose the data accidentally to parties that were not supposed to have its access. Another additional rule that will be included in automated security checklist is that applicants who must give details of their security numbers should consider encrypting when storing them in databases in order to avoid possible accidental exposure. In case security defects are detected in particular application phases, SALSA will encourage developers to conduct a review of design being implemented as well as its definition. Threat modeling, which is constituted in SALSA framework, will be conducted after some time in order to arrange application items in order of priority in terms of the ones that need immediate fixing and those requiring a later fixture. (Howard, 2009) After worst practices are detected and banned, the appropriate ones will take their place within applications. This is because it is the worst ones that act as vector attack sources and when monitoring using checklist is conducted leading to their removal, it will eventually reduce their attack vectors. Once appropriate security practices that do not show susceptibility to vector attacks are put in place, they need to be maintained such that they are kept up to date all through applications development cycle. Their maintenance will avoid cases of consequent attacks, which will involve identification of new practices that will appear during applications and are important to avoidance of attack vectors. The practice of analyzing attack surfaces will be integrated as one of design tasks within application design phases. Each phase within application lifecycle will have distinct security checklists, which will be incorporated in the maintenance and updating process. This will enable consistent checks for every interaction which is contrary to what takes place in SDL where securing checking is conducted on occasional basis. (Chess, 2007) Fixing of appropriate practices, that are not susceptible to attack vectors within application lifecycle will be followed by integration of the same security practices within automatic version of checklist. This will necessitate improvement of security of software in use where automated checking will be applied to both intra and extranets that comprise of sensitive data. An automated system will be able to conduct security checks for attack vectors automatically throughout application development. This process will continue as a routine during the entire lifecycle of this application. The practice of automated build will constitute several elements including limits of both complexity as well as metric measures. Several utilities included in the application software’s codebase will have a likelihood of producing metrics such as JavaNCSS. Other types of utilities like complexity number of Cyclomatic will be capable of producing complexity estimates of application software modules in use. These two measurements are of great importance to managers of this particular application project since they will be able to know when design review is required. For instance, in a case when software modules portrays high ratings of complexity. This is because the more complex a module for checking attack vectors is, the more difficult its maintenance process becomes. Complexity will result to a situation where accidental security errors will occur to coding during application development. These assessments will undergo automation in order that alerts are generated at the instance a module is found to exceed appropriate levels at which checking for attack vectors will be conducted. This will call for an immediate review of application’s design before complexity situation leads to a break down of the entire application. (SANS, 2009) Another constituting element of automated system will be code analysis which will also be in automated form. This involves analyses of codes from application sources using different languages in order to detect some errors whose failure to detection will cause adverse security implications. This kind of analyses is essential since once the distinct tools are identified in various languages, it becomes easier to apply them in application of automated system where attack vectors are checked. This will in turn reduce attack vectors and also improve overall quality of codes used in attack vector detection practice. Unit testing that is also automated will follow the analyses of automated code. This will necessitate a situation where automatic tests will be performed on areas where worst practices that have attack vectors are replaced with appropriate practices to avoid consequent attacks. This practice of testing will be conducted automatically since it is clear that consequent attack vectors are capable of causing security consequences that are unintended. These security consequences may involve data exposure in cases when application modules have already crashed. In cases where such attack vectors will be encountered, their attack surfaces will be replaced after which automated tests will be created to avoid similar breakdowns in future. Automated system also comprises of automated packaging, which will assist in configuration of entire application system. Automation of packaging practice will mitigate the number of human errors that may introduce attack vectors within application systems during its actual installation time. The practice of automated packaging will sum up implementation of SALSA framework in monitoring of attack vectors. (Howard, 2009) Benefits of the SALSA Framework SALSA framework that is normally based on a unique element known as automated build has a number of benefits which are also taken as its advantages over other approaches that were implemented in almost similar applications previously. Among its benefits is a situation where it has the capability of overcoming scalability challenges which requires automated build. The continuous protection provided by SALSA framework results to sustainable security that is accompanied by improvement of application system quality. Costs incurred in fixing software once it has broken down due defects such as those caused by attack vectors are reduced considerably since consistent checks are conducted to ensure that the system does not break down. Integration costs are also reduced a great deal since SALSA framework is made available in an already integrated form which do not need additional integration for it to work. SALSA framework reduces the possibility of human error occurring within lifecycle of applications for attack vector monitoring. Efforts required in actual verification of security standards as well as reduction of security defects like attack vectors, are also reduced. All these benefits of SALSA framework give it preference above other approaches in security applications. (Howard, 2009) Conclusion It is clear that; SALSA framework is a very effective and efficient approach that is applied in various security applications for websites. The main objective under which SALSA framework operates is continuous checking of security defects like the one under study. SALSA framework will be expected to give very good results in checking of attack vectors as well as maintenance of a situation that is free from attack vectors. The various elements of automated build will have a great contribution towards attainment if this situation as they will ensure a consistent operation throughout the lifecycle of this particular application. (Chess, 2007)